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Under Unix, the operating system consists of many of these utilities along with the master control program, the kernel. The kernel provides services to start and stop programs, handle the file system and other common low level tasks that most programs share, and, perhaps most importantly, schedules access to hardware to avoid conflicts if two programs try to access the same resource or device simultaneously. Unix also popularized the hierarchical file system with arbitrarily nested subdirectories, originally introduced by Multics. Other common operating systems of the era had ways to divide a storage device into multiple directories or sections, but they had a fixed number of levels, often only one level. Several major proprietary operating systems eventually added recursive subdirectory capabilities also patterned after Multics. In computing, the X Window System (commonly X11 or X) is a display protocol which provides windowing on bitmap displays. It provides the standard toolkit and protocol with which to build graphical user interfaces (GUIs) on most Unix-like operating systems and OpenVMS, and has been ported to all other contemporary general purpose operating systems. The precursor to GUIs was invented by researchers at the Stanford Research Institute, led by Douglas Engelbart. They developed the use of text-based hyperlinks manipulated with a mouse for the On-Line System. The concept of hyperlinks was further refined and extended to graphics by researchers at Xerox PARC, who went beyond text-based hyperlinks and used a GUI as the primary interface for the Xerox Alto computer. Most modern general-purpose GUIs are derived from this system. A GUI uses a combination of technologies and devices to provide a platform the user can interact with, for the tasks of gathering and producing information. The most common combination in GUIs is the WIMP paradigm. This style of interaction uses a physical input device to control the position of a cursor and presents information organized in windows and represented with icons. |
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WEB CATALOGPractical steps to improve the quality of your Internet search results.Answers.com Description: An ad-supported reference search service, which displays concise answers drawn from over 100 encyclopedias, dictionaries, glossaries and atlases. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Metasearch URL: http://www.answers.com aTerra Description: Builds category specific search engines for web sites. Also develops autonomous intelligent search agents. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Search Engines - Providers URL: http://www.aterra.com BrightPlanet Search Tutorial Description: Practical steps to improve the quality of your Internet search results. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Help and Tutorials URL: http://www.brightplanet.com Directory Globe Description: Uses ODP data and images from Thumbshots.org for web directory. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data URL: http://www.directoryglobe.com Ditto Description: Provides a unique way to find pictures on the web. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Search Engines - Specialized - Images URL: http://ditto.com Gabout Description: Has its own commercial directory and also a directory using live data from the ODP. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - G URL: http://www.gabout.com GoSearchFor.com Description: Uses ODP directory with Thumbshots. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - G URL: http://www.gosearchfor.com Mirago Description: UK search engine with main directory drawn from ODP Regional: Europe: United Kingdom supplemented with listings from Mirago. Also offers the complete ODP. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - M URL: http://www.mirago.co.uk PageRank Check Description: Checks Page Rank for people without ability to use Google toolbar. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Search Engines - Google - Tools URL: http://www.freelance-help.com Planetizen: Links Description: A copy of the Open Directory section on urban and regional planning, powered by phpDmoz. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - P URL: http://www.planetizen.com Proteus Search Description: Type your query and choose one of 30 search engines / directories. Also has an advanced version with more options, but less engines to choose from. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Multi-Search URL: http://www.thrall.org Search Europe Description: Directory using ODP data. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - S URL: http://www.searcheurope.com Search-22 Description: Directory of Internet sources that provides categorized all-in-one search forms in sets of 22. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Multi-Search URL: http://www.search-22.com Smartfinder.com Description: Directory using the ODP content. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - S URL: http://www.smartfinder.com Surf Site Description: Offers a directory based on the OD Project and search via a selection of popular search engines. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - S URL: http://www.surf-site.com VisioBrand Description: Directory of brand names. Lists only official sites, including those of business brands and celebrities. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Other - Croatia URL: http://www.visiobrand.com Other: W1 W2 W3 W4 W5 W6 W7 W8 W9 W10 W11 W12 W13 W14 W15 W16 W17 W18 W19 W20 W21 W22 W23 W24 W25 W26 W27 W28 W29 W30 |
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