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Under Unix, the operating system consists of many of these utilities along with the master control program, the kernel. The kernel provides services to start and stop programs, handle the file system and other common low level tasks that most programs share, and, perhaps most importantly, schedules access to hardware to avoid conflicts if two programs try to access the same resource or device simultaneously.
Unix also popularized the hierarchical file system with arbitrarily nested subdirectories, originally introduced by Multics. Other common operating systems of the era had ways to divide a storage device into multiple directories or sections, but they had a fixed number of levels, often only one level. Several major proprietary operating systems eventually added recursive subdirectory capabilities also patterned after Multics.
In computing, the X Window System (commonly X11 or X) is a display protocol which provides windowing on bitmap displays. It provides the standard toolkit and protocol with which to build graphical user interfaces (GUIs) on most Unix-like operating systems and OpenVMS, and has been ported to all other contemporary general purpose operating systems.
The precursor to GUIs was invented by researchers at the Stanford Research Institute, led by Douglas Engelbart. They developed the use of text-based hyperlinks manipulated with a mouse for the On-Line System. The concept of hyperlinks was further refined and extended to graphics by researchers at Xerox PARC, who went beyond text-based hyperlinks and used a GUI as the primary interface for the Xerox Alto computer. Most modern general-purpose GUIs are derived from this system.
A GUI uses a combination of technologies and devices to provide a platform the user can interact with, for the tasks of gathering and producing information. The most common combination in GUIs is the WIMP paradigm. This style of interaction uses a physical input device to control the position of a cursor and presents information organized in windows and represented with icons.
   
   


WEB CATALOG

A selection of links with descriptions in some popular home user search categories


A Perfect Search
Description: A selection of links with descriptions in some popular home user search categories, together with a metasearch option.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Cms Other26
URL:  http://aperfectsearch.com
BrainBoost
Description: Question answering engine that accepts natural language queries.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Metasearch - Question Answering - Cms Other72
URL:  http://www.brainboost.com
Business Nation
Description: Uses the ODP data to supplement the business listings in its business library. Live data. Anaconda.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - B - Cms Other74
URL:  http://businessnation.com
C|Net
Description: Open Directory Project review by Karen Wickre. (August 16, 2000)
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - News and Media - 2000 - Cms Other76
URL:  http://www.cnet.com
Dining-Network.com
Description: Uses the whole ChefMoz data set, with full attribution.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Tools for Editors - ChefMoz Editors - Cms Other40
URL:  http://www.dining-network.com
Earth Station Nine
Description: Categorized sites, newsgroups and webrings covering general and specialized topics.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Cms Other63
URL:  http://www.earthstation9.com
Engine Promotion
Description: Provides an ASP script which displays live Open Directory data.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Use of ODP Data - Upload Tools - Cms Other71
URL:  http://www.engine-promotion.com
GoForIt.com
Description: Searchable directory using the ODP. Search results include a cached copy of each page listed, and links to older copies in the Internet Archive and site details from Alexa.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - G - Cms Other58
URL:  http://www.goforit.com
Internet Public Library
Description: Compiled and organized at the University of Michigan School of Information. Also hosts a collection of online books.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Non-Commercial - Cms Other54
URL:  http://www.ipl.org
Kabissa - Space for Change in Africa
Description: Seeks to strengthen the capacity of African non-profits to build civil society and democracy in Africa. Includes a directory using live data from the ODP Regional: Africa.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - K - Cms Other77
URL:  http://www.kabissa.org
La Toile des Toiles
Description: Provides collection of governmental, financial, commercial, Web, and educational links for each country. Interface in English and French.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Cms Other88
URL:  http://www.la-toile.com
Live PageRank
Description: Displays the current PageRank value in the Google index for different data centers.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Search Engines - Google - Tools - Cms Other24
URL:  http://livepr.raketforskning.com
MyProwler
Description: Customizable meta-search with clustered results. Provides deep or fast search of the whole Web. Selection also includes downloads, auctions, kids sites, recipes or United States government. In each case, there is a choice of sources used.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Metasearch - Cms Other72
URL:  http://www.myprowler.com
Net 1000.net Network
Description: News headlines, chat, comparison shop, and online games. RDF dump.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - N - Cms Other77
URL:  http://www.net1000.net
News about Google
Description: This news log from Coding the Web aims to record all references to Google on the Internet. Its content can be syndicated using the freely available XML feeds.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Search Engines - Google - News and Media - Cms Other87
URL:  http://www.codingtheweb.com
Pileiton Business Web Directory
Description: Businesses listed in a hierarchy of two category levels, with submitter-supplied titles and description.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Cms Other52
URL:  http://www.pileiton.com
Proteus Search
Description: Type your query and choose one of 30 search engines / directories. Also has an advanced version with more options, but less engines to choose from.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Multi-Search - Cms Other65
URL:  http://www.thrall.org
Search Easy
Description: Summary of indexing techniques and drawbacks of various search engines and how to perform effective searches tips.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Help and Tutorials - Cms Other29
URL:  http://www.searcheasy.htmlplanet.com
Search Engine Position Tool
Description: Utility based on the Google API to track keyword placement and back link data for an infinite number of keywords/URLs.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Search Engines - Google - Tools - Cms Other34
URL:  http://www.digitalpoint.com
Spider Track
Description: Tracks and displays real time hits and IP addresses of MSNbot, Yahoo's Slurp, and Googlebot. Provides aggregate hits of each spider over the last 30 days.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Search Engines - Robots - Cms Other95
URL:  http://www.spidertrack.org
Stadtaus: Google Dance Tool PHP Script
Description: A PHP script to compare the results of the three Google servers www, www2 and www3 at a glance. The tool can be downloaded and used without charge or registration.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Search Engines - Google - Tools - Cms Other23
URL:  http://www.stadtaus.com
Surfpoint
Description: Directory of sites which are member of the LinkExchange banner exchange network.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Cms Other39
URL:  http://www.surfpoint.com
Tvxt.com
Description: Directory using ODP data, powered by phpODP, together with site previews by Thumbshots.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - T - Cms Other87
URL:  http://www.tvxt.com
vAtlas.com
Description: Portal which includes a thumbnails-enhanced directory using live data from the ODP, which also features links to traffic details and site information from Alexa.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - V - Cms Other22
URL:  http://www.vatlas.com
Web Directory
Description: A simple directory based on ODP data, powered by DWodp live.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - W - Cms Other26
URL:  http://www.directory-web.org
Wikipedia: Open Directory Project
Description: An article describing the history and growth of the directory and explaining its organization, maintenance, management, policies and procedures, and criticisms of it.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Cms Other51
URL:  http://en.wikipedia.org
Win Stuff
Description: New Zealand competition directory featuring links to online and offline competitions. Includes copy of ODP directory.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - W - Cms Other53
URL:  http://www.winstuff.co.nz/
Winnipeg Alive
Description: Guide of Winnipeg, Canada using Open Directory data.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - W - Cms Other55
URL:  http://www.winnipegalive.com
World Famous Comics
Description: Uses ODP data powered by Thumbshots to guide visitors to comic book, anime, manga, and other related hobby sites and resources.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - W - Cms Other61
URL:  http://www.worldfamouscomics.com
World of Movies
Description: Movies and animated films database features weekly box office, information, cast and crew, movie quotes, photographs, and a directory using ODP data from RDF dumps.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - W - Cms Other63
URL:  http://www.world-of-movies.com
Zenbit
Description: Aims to present the Open Directory in a clear format with intuitive navigation. Advertising added.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - Z - Cms Other86
URL:  http://www.zenbit.com
   
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