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Under Unix, the operating system consists of many of these utilities along with the master control program, the kernel. The kernel provides services to start and stop programs, handle the file system and other common low level tasks that most programs share, and, perhaps most importantly, schedules access to hardware to avoid conflicts if two programs try to access the same resource or device simultaneously.
Unix also popularized the hierarchical file system with arbitrarily nested subdirectories, originally introduced by Multics. Other common operating systems of the era had ways to divide a storage device into multiple directories or sections, but they had a fixed number of levels, often only one level. Several major proprietary operating systems eventually added recursive subdirectory capabilities also patterned after Multics.
In computing, the X Window System (commonly X11 or X) is a display protocol which provides windowing on bitmap displays. It provides the standard toolkit and protocol with which to build graphical user interfaces (GUIs) on most Unix-like operating systems and OpenVMS, and has been ported to all other contemporary general purpose operating systems.
The precursor to GUIs was invented by researchers at the Stanford Research Institute, led by Douglas Engelbart. They developed the use of text-based hyperlinks manipulated with a mouse for the On-Line System. The concept of hyperlinks was further refined and extended to graphics by researchers at Xerox PARC, who went beyond text-based hyperlinks and used a GUI as the primary interface for the Xerox Alto computer. Most modern general-purpose GUIs are derived from this system.
A GUI uses a combination of technologies and devices to provide a platform the user can interact with, for the tasks of gathering and producing information. The most common combination in GUIs is the WIMP paradigm. This style of interaction uses a physical input device to control the position of a cursor and presents information organized in windows and represented with icons.
   
   


WEB CATALOG: Academic Index

Provides access to academic reference and research sites recommended by teachers and librarians. Select from web pages, periodicals, United States history, or science and technology.


Academic Index
Description: Provides access to academic reference and research sites recommended by teachers and librarians. Select from web pages, periodicals, United States history, or science and technology.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Metasearch - Cms Other33
URL:  http://www.academicindex.net
Bonus Bot
Description: An ODP-based directory, edited and categorized for shopping, discounts, promotions, travel, city and hotel guides, kids and teens. Includes search by Google.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - B - Cms Other51
URL:  http://www.bonusbot.com
Business Nation
Description: Uses the ODP data to supplement the business listings in its business library. Live data. Anaconda.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - B - Cms Other74
URL:  http://businessnation.com
Chiff
Description: A directory of sites selected for good content, design, navigation, and absence of pop-up ads. Also offers a selection of newsletters.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Cms Other87
URL:  http://www.chiff.com
Dominion Web
Description: Offers web hosting and design. Uses ODP data for an online directory, powered by DWodp.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - D - Cms Other53
URL:  http://www.dominion-web.com
Ekkey
Description: Offering a searchable ODP based directory with previews by Thumbshots.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - E - Cms Other66
URL:  http://www.ekkey.com
Former About Guides
Description: Gathering place for former About.com guides whose topical sites were eliminated. Includes lists of topics that were dropped and reports from former guides, including what they are doing now and links to their new web projects.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Aboutcom - Cms Other31
URL:  http://www.formeraboutguides.com
Free Search
Description: Uses ODP directory powered by Personal Open Directory.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - F - Cms Other37
URL:  http://www.freesearch.info
HereontheWeb.com
Description: Joe West a small selection of categorized, annotated links.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Cms Other98
URL:  http://www.hereontheweb.com
Horse101.com
Description: Includes an equine directory using ODP data.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - H - Cms Other25
URL:  http://www.horse101.com
INet Profit Search
Description: Uses ODP directory powered by PHPODP with Thumbshots.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - I - Cms Other40
URL:  http://www.inet-profit.net
La Toile des Toiles
Description: Provides collection of governmental, financial, commercial, Web, and educational links for each country. Interface in English and French.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Cms Other88
URL:  http://www.la-toile.com
List of Lists Internet Directory
Description: ODP site on Linux with Postgres SQL. Uses interesting display format. RDF dump.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - L - Cms Other23
URL:  http://ListOfLists.com
LookSmart
Description: Offers 180+ vertical search sites, each on its own domain. Content from its own web search, FindArticles and Furl, with related news provided by Topix. Company profile and information for searchers, publishers and advertisers.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Search Engines - Looksmart - Cms Other28
URL:  http://www.looksmart.com
Metabear
Description: Offers metasearch of the world or the Russian Web, FTP, and multi-media.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Metasearch - Cms Other50
URL:  http://www.metabear.ru/
Metasearch
Description: Offering a combination search engine and directory based on ODP data.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - M - Cms Other53
URL:  http://www.metasearch.biz
MetaStrike
Description: Allows single interface to search multiple search engines with duplicates filtered out. Results list search engine sources.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Metasearch - Cms Other54
URL:  http://www.metastrike.com
Mojeek
Description: Search engine with a simple interface and no advertising.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Search Engines - Cms Other60
URL:  http://www.mojeek.com
Mooter
Description: Clusters search results. It presents a diagram of themes within the results, from which the user can select one or all results. Options to search Australian sites only or the full Web.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Metasearch - Cms Other62
URL:  http://www.mooter.com
New York Times
Description: Changes in Search Industry Create Strange Bedfellows [registration required] (April 28, 1999)
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - News and Media - 1999 - Cms Other85
URL:  http://www.nytimes.com
Northern Light
Description: Provides search and content integration solutions for enterprises and individuals, includes services and technology licensing details.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Search Engines - Providers - Cms Other93
URL:  http://www.northernlight.com
Qksearch
Description: Provides web, images, mp3, jobs, and news search in 6 different languages.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Metasearch - Cms Other69
URL:  http://www.qksearch.com
QuotesHeaven
Description: Uses the Reference: Quotations category of the ODP.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - Q - Cms Other72
URL:  http://www.quotesheaven.com
Random Web Search
Description: Generates random words, then allows searching for them on Google.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Search Engines - Google - Tools - Cms Other74
URL:  http://www.randomwebsearch.com
Search Engine Position Tool
Description: Utility based on the Google API to track keyword placement and back link data for an infinite number of keywords/URLs.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Search Engines - Google - Tools - Cms Other34
URL:  http://www.digitalpoint.com
Searchport
Description: Web directory and direct links to many news and reference sites. Family friendly site.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Family Friendly - Cms Other56
URL:  http://www.searchport.org
SEO Tools: PageRank Search
Description: Shows the Google results with their PageRank.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Search Engines - Google - Tools - Cms Other64
URL:  http://www.seochat.com
The CADwire
Description: Delivers CAD industry news. Includes a directory drawn from relevant sections of the ODP.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - C - Cms Other52
URL:  http://www.cadwire.net
Widow Metasearch
Description: Metasearch or use the directory taken from the Open Directory. A straightforward interface makes it easy to select search engines, and search by words or phrase.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - W - Cms Other48
URL:  http://www.widow.com
Xmeta XML Directory
Description: Uses a subset of the ODP data to create an XML directory. Also includes a repository of XML programming resources.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - X - Cms Other72
URL:  http://www.xmeta.com
zagat.com
Description: Canadian coverage in Toronto and Vancouver. No linkable reviews because the site requires registration.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Tools for Editors - ChefMoz Editors - North America - Canada - Cms Other82
URL:  http://www.zagat.com
   
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