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Under Unix, the operating system consists of many of these utilities along with the master control program, the kernel. The kernel provides services to start and stop programs, handle the file system and other common low level tasks that most programs share, and, perhaps most importantly, schedules access to hardware to avoid conflicts if two programs try to access the same resource or device simultaneously.
Unix also popularized the hierarchical file system with arbitrarily nested subdirectories, originally introduced by Multics. Other common operating systems of the era had ways to divide a storage device into multiple directories or sections, but they had a fixed number of levels, often only one level. Several major proprietary operating systems eventually added recursive subdirectory capabilities also patterned after Multics.
In computing, the X Window System (commonly X11 or X) is a display protocol which provides windowing on bitmap displays. It provides the standard toolkit and protocol with which to build graphical user interfaces (GUIs) on most Unix-like operating systems and OpenVMS, and has been ported to all other contemporary general purpose operating systems.
The precursor to GUIs was invented by researchers at the Stanford Research Institute, led by Douglas Engelbart. They developed the use of text-based hyperlinks manipulated with a mouse for the On-Line System. The concept of hyperlinks was further refined and extended to graphics by researchers at Xerox PARC, who went beyond text-based hyperlinks and used a GUI as the primary interface for the Xerox Alto computer. Most modern general-purpose GUIs are derived from this system.
A GUI uses a combination of technologies and devices to provide a platform the user can interact with, for the tasks of gathering and producing information. The most common combination in GUIs is the WIMP paradigm. This style of interaction uses a physical input device to control the position of a cursor and presents information organized in windows and represented with icons.
   
   


WEB CATALOG: Alexa

Provides a search powered by Google, and a directory from the ODP. Directory listings can be ordered by popularity, user rating or alphabetically, and there are links to Alexa's information on each site.


Alexa
Description: Provides a search powered by Google, and a directory from the ODP. Directory listings can be ordered by popularity, user rating or alphabetically, and there are links to Alexa's information on each site.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - A - Other44
URL:  http://www.alexa.com
All About Hosting
Description: Includes a searchable directory of hosting providers, using ODP data.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - A - Other45
URL:  http://www.all-about-hosting.com
Channel Queer
Description: Directory of Irish lesbian and gay sites. Uses live ODP data.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - C - Other85
URL:  http://www.channelqueer.com
City Diary
Description: Uses the data set for the United States, with inserted ads. Full attribution.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Tools for Editors - ChefMoz Editors - Other89
URL:  http://citydiary.com
ClixShare.com
Description: Pay per click site uses ODP directory with Thumbshots.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - C - Other92
URL:  http://www.clixshare.com
DWodp Live
Description: Adfree, fully working demonstation version of the PHP Script DWOdp.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - D - Other61
URL:  http://www.dominion-web.com
Ekkey
Description: Offering a searchable ODP based directory with previews by Thumbshots.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - E - WEB
URL:  http://www.ekkey.com
Geoffrey's Search Center
Description: Gives you centralized, one-click access to more than five dozen search engines, letting you quickly and easily search the Internet.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Multi-Search - Cms Other44
URL:  http://www.geoffreyssearch.info
Google Advisor
Description: Provides information and strategies concerning the Google search engine, PageRank, AdWords, and Adsense.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Search Engines - Google - Cms Other67
URL:  http://www.googleadvisor.org
Google World
Description: A categorized directory by Indicateur of links to information on Google, some to pages on Google.com itself, others external.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Search Engines - Google - Cms Other82
URL:  http://google.indicateur.com
IncyWincy
Description: Uses ODP Data as a starting point to showcase invisible web search engine. RDF dump.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - I - Cms Other36
URL:  http://www.incywincy.com
Indexfree
Description: Uses entire ODP data powered by Biz-directory.org.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - I - Cms Other37
URL:  http://www.indexfree.com
Instant Directory
Description: HTML code to add the Open Directory to a web site, with banner ads.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Use of ODP Data - Upload Tools - Cms Other50
URL:  http://www.instantdirectory.net
Karnak
Description: Compiles information from multiple sources, weeds out dead and questionable links, stores findings in a personal library, and provides a summarized report. Registration is required. Free for a trial period.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Metasearch - Cms Other78
URL:  http://karnak.com
King Directory
Description: Offers a small self-created directory, plus a copy of the Open Directory, powered by phpODP, with site previews added from Thumbshots.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - K - Cms Other83
URL:  http://www.kingdir.com
La Toile des Toiles
Description: Provides collection of governmental, financial, commercial, Web, and educational links for each country. Interface in English and French.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Cms Other88
URL:  http://www.la-toile.com
Lyrics.com
Description: Includes large archive of lyrics, plus full use of ODP data.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - L - Cms Other32
URL:  http://www.lyrics.com
Mars Open Directory
Description: The 'Mars' section of the Open Directory Project, maintained by the MarsNews.com. Gateway.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - M - Cms Other40
URL:  http://www.marsnews.com
MrEverything
Description: Web portal with search, directory using the ODP, real estate, shopping, news, finance, stock quotes, recipes, indoor air quality information, travel.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - M - Cms Other65
URL:  http://www.mreverything.com
Nations Online
Description: A list of virtual gateways to the countries of the world.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Cms Other75
URL:  http://www.nationsonline.org
Odyssearch
Description: Searchable directory based on the entire Open Directory Project.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - O - Cms Other96
URL:  http://www.odyssearch.com
OnFocus.com: Google Smackdown
Description: Takes two words or phrases as input, queries Google via its API, and receives the estimated total results for each word or phrase to show which one is most popular.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Search Engines - Google - Tools - Cms Other99
URL:  http://www.onfocus.com
PC World News
Description: Netscape's Volunteer Army Indexes Web (December 2, 1999)
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - News and Media - 1999 - Cms Other43
URL:  http://www.pcworld.com
Resource Discovery Network
Description: Gateway to subject catalogues with links to high quality Internet sites, selected and described by specialists from within UK academia. Also interactive web tutorials and alerting services.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Non-Commercial - Cms Other84
URL:  http://www.rdn.ac.uk
Restaurant.ca
Description: Dining in Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Ottawa, Toronto, Southern Ontario, Winnipeg, Calgary, Edmonton, Vancouver. Find restaurants by cuisine or features. Offers numerical user ratings.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Tools for Editors - ChefMoz Editors - North America - Canada - Cms Other86
URL:  http://www.restaurant.ca/
Searchenginewatch
Description: AOL Search Big Improvement For Members (November 1, 1999)
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - News and Media - 1999 - Cms Other46
URL:  http://www.searchenginewatch.com
Skaffe
Description: Multilingual directory and search engine. Accepts free and express paid site submissions.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Volunteer-Edited - Cms Other76
URL:  http://www.skaffe.com
Topaz Restaurant Guide
Description: Dining guide based on ChefMoz data for North America, but organized by area code and cuisine.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Tools for Editors - ChefMoz Editors - Cms Other75
URL:  http://www.topazguide.com
Web Search Strategies
Description: Debbie Flanagan's interactive tutorial on using search engines, subject directories, and specific databases to find information on the Internet fast and effectively.
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Help and Tutorials - Cms Other27
URL:  http://www.learnwebskills.com
ZDNet
Description: Netscape Improves Search Service (June 24, 1999)
Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - News and Media - 1999 - Cms Other84
URL:  http://www.zdnet.com
   
    6. 2. 2012.