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Under Unix, the operating system consists of many of these utilities along with the master control program, the kernel. The kernel provides services to start and stop programs, handle the file system and other common low level tasks that most programs share, and, perhaps most importantly, schedules access to hardware to avoid conflicts if two programs try to access the same resource or device simultaneously. Unix also popularized the hierarchical file system with arbitrarily nested subdirectories, originally introduced by Multics. Other common operating systems of the era had ways to divide a storage device into multiple directories or sections, but they had a fixed number of levels, often only one level. Several major proprietary operating systems eventually added recursive subdirectory capabilities also patterned after Multics. In computing, the X Window System (commonly X11 or X) is a display protocol which provides windowing on bitmap displays. It provides the standard toolkit and protocol with which to build graphical user interfaces (GUIs) on most Unix-like operating systems and OpenVMS, and has been ported to all other contemporary general purpose operating systems. The precursor to GUIs was invented by researchers at the Stanford Research Institute, led by Douglas Engelbart. They developed the use of text-based hyperlinks manipulated with a mouse for the On-Line System. The concept of hyperlinks was further refined and extended to graphics by researchers at Xerox PARC, who went beyond text-based hyperlinks and used a GUI as the primary interface for the Xerox Alto computer. Most modern general-purpose GUIs are derived from this system. A GUI uses a combination of technologies and devices to provide a platform the user can interact with, for the tasks of gathering and producing information. The most common combination in GUIs is the WIMP paradigm. This style of interaction uses a physical input device to control the position of a cursor and presents information organized in windows and represented with icons. |
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WEB CATALOG: AlexaProvides a search powered by Google, and a directory from the ODP. Directory listings can be ordered by popularity, user rating or alphabetically, and there are links to Alexa's information on each site.Alexa Description: Provides a search powered by Google, and a directory from the ODP. Directory listings can be ordered by popularity, user rating or alphabetically, and there are links to Alexa's information on each site. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - A - Other44 URL: http://www.alexa.com All About Hosting Description: Includes a searchable directory of hosting providers, using ODP data. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - A - Other45 URL: http://www.all-about-hosting.com Channel Queer Description: Directory of Irish lesbian and gay sites. Uses live ODP data. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - C - Other85 URL: http://www.channelqueer.com City Diary Description: Uses the data set for the United States, with inserted ads. Full attribution. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Tools for Editors - ChefMoz Editors - Other89 URL: http://citydiary.com ClixShare.com Description: Pay per click site uses ODP directory with Thumbshots. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - C - Other92 URL: http://www.clixshare.com DWodp Live Description: Adfree, fully working demonstation version of the PHP Script DWOdp. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - D - Other61 URL: http://www.dominion-web.com Ekkey Description: Offering a searchable ODP based directory with previews by Thumbshots. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - E - WEB URL: http://www.ekkey.com Geoffrey's Search Center Description: Gives you centralized, one-click access to more than five dozen search engines, letting you quickly and easily search the Internet. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Multi-Search - Cms Other44 URL: http://www.geoffreyssearch.info Google Advisor Description: Provides information and strategies concerning the Google search engine, PageRank, AdWords, and Adsense. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Search Engines - Google - Cms Other67 URL: http://www.googleadvisor.org Google World Description: A categorized directory by Indicateur of links to information on Google, some to pages on Google.com itself, others external. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Search Engines - Google - Cms Other82 URL: http://google.indicateur.com IncyWincy Description: Uses ODP Data as a starting point to showcase invisible web search engine. RDF dump. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - I - Cms Other36 URL: http://www.incywincy.com Indexfree Description: Uses entire ODP data powered by Biz-directory.org. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - I - Cms Other37 URL: http://www.indexfree.com Instant Directory Description: HTML code to add the Open Directory to a web site, with banner ads. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Use of ODP Data - Upload Tools - Cms Other50 URL: http://www.instantdirectory.net Karnak Description: Compiles information from multiple sources, weeds out dead and questionable links, stores findings in a personal library, and provides a summarized report. Registration is required. Free for a trial period. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Metasearch - Cms Other78 URL: http://karnak.com King Directory Description: Offers a small self-created directory, plus a copy of the Open Directory, powered by phpODP, with site previews added from Thumbshots. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - K - Cms Other83 URL: http://www.kingdir.com La Toile des Toiles Description: Provides collection of governmental, financial, commercial, Web, and educational links for each country. Interface in English and French. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Cms Other88 URL: http://www.la-toile.com Lyrics.com Description: Includes large archive of lyrics, plus full use of ODP data. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - L - Cms Other32 URL: http://www.lyrics.com Mars Open Directory Description: The 'Mars' section of the Open Directory Project, maintained by the MarsNews.com. Gateway. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - M - Cms Other40 URL: http://www.marsnews.com MrEverything Description: Web portal with search, directory using the ODP, real estate, shopping, news, finance, stock quotes, recipes, indoor air quality information, travel. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - M - Cms Other65 URL: http://www.mreverything.com Nations Online Description: A list of virtual gateways to the countries of the world. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Cms Other75 URL: http://www.nationsonline.org Odyssearch Description: Searchable directory based on the entire Open Directory Project. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Sites Using ODP Data - O - Cms Other96 URL: http://www.odyssearch.com OnFocus.com: Google Smackdown Description: Takes two words or phrases as input, queries Google via its API, and receives the estimated total results for each word or phrase to show which one is most popular. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Search Engines - Google - Tools - Cms Other99 URL: http://www.onfocus.com PC World News Description: Netscape's Volunteer Army Indexes Web (December 2, 1999) Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - News and Media - 1999 - Cms Other43 URL: http://www.pcworld.com Resource Discovery Network Description: Gateway to subject catalogues with links to high quality Internet sites, selected and described by specialists from within UK academia. Also interactive web tutorials and alerting services. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Non-Commercial - Cms Other84 URL: http://www.rdn.ac.uk Restaurant.ca Description: Dining in Halifax, Montreal, Quebec, Ottawa, Toronto, Southern Ontario, Winnipeg, Calgary, Edmonton, Vancouver. Find restaurants by cuisine or features. Offers numerical user ratings. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Tools for Editors - ChefMoz Editors - North America - Canada - Cms Other86 URL: http://www.restaurant.ca/ Searchenginewatch Description: AOL Search Big Improvement For Members (November 1, 1999) Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - News and Media - 1999 - Cms Other46 URL: http://www.searchenginewatch.com Skaffe Description: Multilingual directory and search engine. Accepts free and express paid site submissions. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Volunteer-Edited - Cms Other76 URL: http://www.skaffe.com Topaz Restaurant Guide Description: Dining guide based on ChefMoz data for North America, but organized by area code and cuisine. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - Tools for Editors - ChefMoz Editors - Cms Other75 URL: http://www.topazguide.com Web Search Strategies Description: Debbie Flanagan's interactive tutorial on using search engines, subject directories, and specific databases to find information on the Internet fast and effectively. Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Help and Tutorials - Cms Other27 URL: http://www.learnwebskills.com ZDNet Description: Netscape Improves Search Service (June 24, 1999) Category: 6. 2. 2012. - Directories - Open Directory Project - News and Media - 1999 - Cms Other84 URL: http://www.zdnet.com |
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